2022 Researcher Appreciation Day | Emory School of Medicine

Department of Medicine Albert Anderson

Dr. Anderson was recently funded by the NIH to conduct a Phase II trial of baricitinib to reduce brain HIV load and ameliorate other clinical parameters such as cognitive dysfunction.

Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology Lawrence Boise

Dr. Boise's lab focuses on MCL-1 and BCL-2 (anti-apoptotic protein) inhibition. The Boise lab was the first to discover these genes. Dr. Boise's basic science work has a translational aspect of using the BCL-2 inhibitors (venetoclax) in treatment of hematologic disorders.

Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Steve Bosinger

Dr. Bosinger is defining the molecular mechanisms of virus pathogenesis through application of next-gen RNA sequencing to studies of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection in non-human primates.

Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Doug Bremner

Dr. Bremner has pioneered research in non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder, leading to its availability and application in the veterans' healthcare setting. Dr. Bremner has further studied this novel electrotherapeutic in other areas such as traumatic brain injury and heart disease.

Department of Medicine Michael A. Burke

The Burke lab focuses on gene expression changes that drive cardiomyopathy progression including epigenetic mechanisms, paracrine control via fibroblast and myocyte crosstalk, and cardiac-derived endocrine mechanisms contributing to disease phenotype.

Department of Emergency Medicine Michael J. Carr

Dr. Carr's groundbreaking research in Telemedicine and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is vital in helping systems in rural areas where access to healthcare has been particularly challenging. He obtained a grant funded by Health Resources and Service Administration (HRSA) to create and deploy a Tele-EMS delivery model for rural counties.

Department of Pediatrics Shanmuganathan Chandrakasan

Dr. Chandrakasan's research in immune dysregulation has led to novel therapeutic management and diagnosis for patients with rare immune deficiency diseases and immune dysregulation disorders. He is well known and respected in his field and his research is well cited in the literature. Dr. Chandrakasan is working on dissecting molecular mechanisms in autoimmune and immune regulatory disorders. His research also focuses on finding novel targeted therapies for patients with rare immune disorders.

Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology Andres Chang

Dr. Chang is developing a line of research improving our understanding of the response to COVID vaccines in patients with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. His work will allow us to improve our understanding of vaccine response in lymphoma and improve our care of patients.

Department of Medicine Karen Clarke

Dr. Clarke works closely with the Division of Hospital Medicine’s Research Core to effectively describe and characterize presentations, disease courses, and outcomes of individuals with sickle cell disease who are hospitalized with COVID-19. Dr. Clarke has published multiple papers, a case series, and abstracts to inform care of this highly vulnerable population.

Department of Medicine Matthew H. Collins

Dr. Collins is an expert in global arbovirology and translational research. His work spans epidemiology, human immunity, serodiagnostic development, and clinical trials testing vaccines and novel vector-based interventions. He recently discovered a dengue outbreak in Cameroon (manuscript under review) and is investigating structure-based vaccine antigen design through a foundation award.

Department of Biomedical Engineering James Dahlman

Dr. Dahlman’s lab is impacting the field via translation. His lab's previous work was translated via Guide Therapeutics, an Atlanta-based startup that was acquired by Beam Therapeutics. Two of Dr. Dahlman's post-docs who were authors on his Nature Nano paper founded a Boston-based biotech called Nava Therapeutics.

Department of Orthopaedics Jed A. Diekfuss

Dr. Diekfuss’ work focuses on the development of novel functional neuroimaging tasks which seek to identify altered neural signatures of pain and sports injuries, including ACL injury and concussion. His work will involve novel therapeutics that target disruptions within the central nervous system and enhance current treatment approaches.

Department of Anesthesiology Laura Downey

Dr. Downey’s research is aimed at reducing blood transfusions after congenital heart surgery. Her clinical trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of fibrinogen concentrate, a blood product alternative, in neonates after cardiac surgery. She is currently studying how differences in neonatal platelet function affects hemostasis after heart surgery.

Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics Carolynn Dude

Dr. Dude seeks to better understand how pregnant mothers and their infants are affected by infectious diseases, including COVID-19. She is a true clinician-scientist, using her clinical expertise as a Maternal Fetal Medicine (MFM) specialist and interest in basic science to propel her work.

Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics Anne Dunlop

Dr. Dunlop’s work on stress and maternal and infant outcomes is important for understanding the societal impact on maternal and child health. Understanding the differences between racial groups is important for the movement to reduce maternal morbidity and mortality in our community.

Department of Medicine Kari Esbensen

As a hospitalist, ethicist, and palliative care physician, Dr. Esbensen’s research focuses on enhancing holistic, patient-and-family-centered care. Her recent work includes examining visitor restrictions during COVID-19, advocating for preservation of in-person family caregiver presence whenever possible, and dispelling common misperceptions about patient/surrogate end-of-life decision-making that threaten to undermine patient autonomy.

Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Negar Fani

Dr. Fani’s dedication to changing societal and departmental culture to embrace the diverse identities of faculty, staff and trainees through research and action is evident in her extensive publication record, which displays her interest in investigating the neurobiological effects of racism. Dr. Fani's research centers on people with post-traumatic stress disorder with a particular interest in childhood maltreatment and interpersonal trauma. She has looked closely at the impact of discrimination on neuropsychological processes in underserved African Americans. Dr. Fani's work is translational around neuroimaging and understanding the cognitive needs of individuals with PTSD and understanding how this impacts brain functioning.

Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Ross Fasano

Dr. Fasano is doing exciting translational research with the potential for great impact for an underserved population right here in Atlanta where patients with sickle cell disease are prevalent. Dr. Fasano is investigating ways to prevent and mitigate red cell alloimmunization in these vulnerable patients, a major cause of morbidity and even mortality in these patients.

Department of Radiology & Imagining Sciences Candace C. Fleischer

Dr. Fleischer's research focuses on the development of magnetic resonance-based methods for identifying inflammatory biomarkers in malignant brain tumors. Dr. Fleischer is also working on creating new tools for non-invasively measuring brain temperature with applications in cerebrovascular and cardiovascular injury to understand the role of brain temperature in disease, recovery after traumatic brain injury, and implementation of thermal therapies.

Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics Lisa Flowers

Dr. Flowers’ work has shown that advanced screening and treatment of precancerous lesions reduces cancer risk for people living with HIV. For her pioneering work and leadership, Dr. Flowers is the current President of the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.

Department of Biochemistry Filipp Frank

Dr. Frank’s research focus is to evaluate the performance of COVID-19 diagnostic tests in the face of continuously emerging variants (RADx). He developed an innovative high-throughput method to measure the effect of all possible mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein on clinical test performance (accepted for publication in Cell).

Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology Haian Fu

Dr. Fu's team employs a chemical biology approach to develop novel strategies for cancer and drug discovery. Dr. Fu's studies have revealed widespread distortions of a cell’s protein interaction machinery resulting from cancer-causing mutations. His group developed a process resembling ground-penetrating radar for its ability to map the hidden landscape of anticancer drug opportunities.

Department of Pediatrics Michael P. Fundora

Healthcare provider burnout is multifactorial and contributes to errors in medical care, job dissatisfaction and adversely impacts patients, providers, and institutions. Dr. Fundora is using novel sensor technology to quantify provider activity in the ICU, stress and sleep quality. Dr. Fundora's work will quantify ICU work and its impact on providers.

Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Christina Gavegnano

Dr. Gavegnano's research into various anti-viral and anti-inflammatory compounds has already made impacts in HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infections. In particular, she has pioneered the use of JAK inhibitors for these viral diseases through her in vitro, animal model and clinical trial work.

Department of Medicine Eliver Ghosn

Dr. Ghosn was recently awarded a grant from the Gates Foundation to investigate novel therapies based on antibody-producing B cells and plasma cells.

Department of Medicine Adam Gracz

Dr. Adam Gracz is interested in how transcription and chromatin regulation facilitate cellular "decision making," allowing stem cells and mature cells to adopt and maintain different functional states. He has made a major impact after joining Emory in advancing the science in this area and understanding mechanisms of stem cell maturation. He was recently awarded R01 and R35 NIH grants. He is an amazing mentor and has also led our divisional recruitment committee to help expand the research portfolio of the division.

Department of Pediatrics Lokesh Guglani

Dr. Guglani's research investigates the early origins of lung disease in infants and children with cystic fibrosis. His study evaluates bronchoalveolar lavage markers, lung function tests, and chest CT scans in preschoolers that sheds light on our basic understanding of cystic fibrosis. Dr. Guglani's research is supported by a grant from the CF Foundation.

Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Joya Hampton-Anderson

Dr. Anderson's research aims to understand the sociocultural determinants of health disparities and integrated health outcomes in youth and families, with childhood adversity and chronic stress a particular interest. She is interested in risk and protective factors influencing mental and physical health diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment with specific interest in culturally competent clinical practice and research. Dr. Anderson's cutting edge work is progressing the field around understanding socialcultural determinants of the health experiences for youth.

Department of Medicine Laura Hansen

Dr. Hansen’s lab studies the interactions between skeletal muscle satellite cells and the vasculature. Satellite cells are skeletal muscle progenitor cells that are known to play an important role in muscle repair after injury and adaptation to exercise. However, the Hansen lab focuses on a previously underexplored role of satellite cells in vascular growth. They have found that satellite cells, when activated, produced a number of chemoattractant growth factors that drive the migration of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, which is an important factor in the growth and development of blood vessels.

Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics Heather Hipp

Dr. Hipp is a recognized national expert on fragile-X premutation and resultant ovarian failure. She collaborates with researchers in her division, at the CDC, and Rollins and often publishes in high-impact journals, including a recent paper in JAMA detailing trends and outcomes for pre-implantation genetic testing in the US.

Department of Pediatrics Lisa Ingerski

Dr. Ingerski's extramurally-funded program of research focuses on quality of life and neurocognitive outcomes among pediatric brain tumor survivors. Dr. Ingerski's work characterizing these outcomes in low grade glioma patients is novel and timely as survival rates in this vulnerable group continue to rise. Dr. Ingerski's studies are really progressing the field around the quality of life experience for pediatric brain tumor survivors.

Department of Family & Preventive Medicine Leslie Johnson

Dr. Johnson’s research is in program evaluation, implementation science, and community-engaged research. Her work focuses on improving care delivery and quality in real-world settings for patients with chronic diseases. She has been very productive this year, is collaborative, and a valued colleague.

Department of Anesthesiology Jerry Kalangara

Dr. Kalangara was awarded the International Association for the Study of Pain Young Investigator Award for his project “Functional Evaluation of Humoral Immunity in a Real World Cohort of Opioid Users”. His project evaluates the effects of opioids on the immune system and leads to a better understanding of how opioids can affect the body's ability to mount a humoral response.

Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology Kevin Kalinsky

Dr. Kalinsky has led critical trials that have changed the landscape of treating patients with breast cancer. His innovative research will spare a lot of patients from chemotherapy.

Department of Pediatrics Satoshi Kamidani

Dr. Kamidani's research focus is on studying and improving the safety and immunogenicity of vaccines in children. Dr. Kamidani's contributions in understanding the relationship between myocarditis, MIS-c, and pediatric COVID-19 vaccination have had a notable impact in improving COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and uptake.

Department of Medicine Jonathan H. Kim

Dr. Kim studies exercise-induced cardiovascular remodeling, pre-participation ECG screening of collegiate athletes, cardiac arrests in marathon and half-marathons, sleep apnea in athletes, and hypertension in isometric sporting disciplines.

Department of Pediatrics James Klosky

Dr. Klosky's work is really advancing the field of oncofertility in our pediatric oncology patients and has helped open the door to improving fertility options after receiving treatment. He has also been innovative in helping with HPV vaccine uptake in the pediatric cancer survivor population.

Department of Medicine Venkatagiri Krishnamurthy

Dr. Krishnamurthy's engineering foundation in signal and image processing along with his training and interest in cognitive neuroscience and cerebrovascular physiology has put him in a unique position to develop sophisticated data analysis tools and methodologies to enhance our understanding of brain functioning in aging and aging-related neuro-degenerative diseases.

Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Deanna Kulpa

Dr. Kulpa is a pioneer in HIV/AIDS research and recently helped secure a $23.4 million grant for HIV Cure research this past year. In addition to cutting edge research she is an absolute role model of a mentor.

Department of Otolaryngology Anthony B. Law

Dr. Law is using cutting-edge machine learning/artificial intelligence to screen for laryngeal cancer. By detecting laryngeal cancer at its earliest stages, Dr. Law's research will improve survival and functional outcomes for laryngeal cancer patients.

Department of Pediatrics Rachel Weston Linnemann

Dr. Linnemann is very active in cystic fibrosis clinical trials. She has increased the number of studies and recruitment at our Cystic Fibrosis Center that attracts participants across the country. These studies are now accessible to many participants due to her efforts. Dr. Linnemann's studies are supported by grants from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and she is an excellent PI.

Department of Pediatrics Jordan Gilleland Marchak

Dr. Marchak's work has helped to push the field forward in understanding the unique experience of pediatric cancer survivors, and how to monitor and support their long-term late effects. Her work has also used innovative technologies and screening tools to better assess for stressors present in our busy pediatric heme/onc clinic. As more patients survive cancer, the needs to help them transition grow. Dr. Marchak is leading this research in our understanding of how to help these patient thrive in adulthood.

Department of Family & Preventive Medicine Jennifer Mascaro

Dr. Mascaro’s research improves care quality by identifying sources of burnout and resilience among providers and trainees. As the research lead for the Winship Cancer Institute’s Wellness Program, she has investigated causes of burnout locally. Additionally, as the PI for a student-led randomized clinical trial, she is examining a peer-support intervention for undergraduate medical students.

Department of Pediatrics Maud Mavigner

Dr. Mavigner's research work is focused on HIV persistence in adults and infants in the setting of effective antiretroviral therapy. Using nonhuman primate models, her research main goals include to identify and characterize cellular and anatomic HIV/SIV reservoirs and to develop novel strategies targeting these persistent reservoirs to cure HIV infection.

Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology Xiulei Mo

Dr. Mo has received a prestigious 6-year R37 Merit grant award from National Cancer Institute to understand and target a frequently altered, yet “undruggable”, tumor suppressor gene SMAD4, in pancreatic and colon cancer. Dr. Mo’s research has not only advanced the understanding of SMAD4 cancer biology beyond conventional tumor suppressor function (Cell 2022), but also shed light into developing a therapeutic drug to target SMAD4 variant-specific vulnerability (Cell Chem Bio 2021).

Department of Neurosurgery Nassir Mokarram

Dr. Mokarram is initiating a paradigm shift in treating brain tumors. Instead of trying to kill or halt the tumor, Dr. Mokarram is focusing on guiding tumors – using the tumor’s own biology against itself – to move into devices for containment or locations of the body where they become operable.

Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology Qiankun Niu

Dr. Niu’s research focus on interrogating oncogenic driver mutation-created differential protein-protein interactions (PPI). Dr. Niu not only thrives in doing team science as a synergistic team player by boosting large team research, resulting in a recent publication in Cell as a co-first author, but also is using and developing cutting-edge technologies as an independent researcher to build precisely genome-edited human cancer cell lines as a valuable resource for deciphering the functional significance of differential PPIs in cancer for therapeutic innovation.

Department of Medicine Christopher O'Donnell

Widely regarded by colleagues as the Division of Hospital Medicine’s “research guru,” Dr. O’Donnell has a knack for seeing a problem in practice, then devising, implementing, testing, and disseminating solutions. He has published 4 manuscripts in 2022, including papers describing medication delivery to patients’ bedsides and fast-track dialysis interventions.

Department of Emergency Medicine Laura Oh

Dr. Oh is the PI of a DOD-funded study, BEFAST, that explores the ability of contrast-enhanced ultrasound to detect intra-abdominal injury in trauma using intravascular microbubbles. BEFAST has the potential to impact soldier safety by expediting military field triage decisions.

Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology Brian Olson

Dr. Olson works on tumor immunology with a focus on prostate cancer. He is doing innovative work on the role of the immune system in mediating cardiovascular toxicity in prostate cancer patients. Ultimately, he hopes that regulation of the immune system can decrease the burden of cardiovascular toxicity in prostate cancer patients. He recently received a large grant from the Prostate Cancer Foundation. Dr. Olson's work is innovative and cuts across disciplines (immunology, oncology, and cardiology) to better understand science and make a difference for patients.

Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Mirko Paiardini

Dr. Paiardini is conducting groundbreaking HIV research, testing cutting-edge therapeutics that can reduce viral burden in HIV-infected individuals and may lead to curative therapies.

Department of Anesthesiology Alex Papangelou

Dr. Papangelou has published significantly on neuro-anesthesia, including how to better manage pain during major neurosurgical procedures. His academic and research interests include intracranial hypertension, osmotherapy, subarachnoid hemorrhage, neuromonitoring/autoregulation, pupillometry, scalp blockade, post-craniotomy pain, and postoperative delirium.

Department of Pediatrics Ravi Mangal Patel

Dr. Patel’s approach to understanding Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) ranges from implementation of quality improvement projects to decrease local NEC rates to serving on the Scientific Advisory Panel for the parent-run NEC Society. He additionally conducts federally-funded research in transfusion-related intestinal injury and serves at the site principal investigator for the Neonatal Research Network of the NICHD. Dr. Patel devotes his time and energy to better understanding disease processes and therapies known to substantially impact survival and quality of life for pre-term infants locally and nationally. Dr. Patel is the site PI for the NICHD Neonatal Research Network Grant that has conducted trials which have changed the practice of neonatology. Dr. Patel is kind, supportive, and spreads his infectious love of research to those around him.

Department of Radiology & Imagining Sciences Mariane Piccinelli

Dr. Piccinelli's research focuses on the development of innovative software tools for diagnosis and treatment of vascular and cardiovascular diseases from imaging modalities, including PET, SPECT, invasive angiography, CT and MR. Dr. Piccinelli's studies are also centered in creating region-based image models with high-level constraints for modelling complex cardiac structures to automatically guide the segmentation of endo/epicardial boundaries for diagnosing cardiovascular function.

Department of Pediatrics CK Qu

Dr. Qu conducts groundbreaking research on metabolic regulation of normal hematopoietic stem cells and leukemic stem cells and has advanced the field tremendously. This is evidenced by recent high-impact publications from his lab that appear in Nature, Nature Metabolism, Cell Stem Cell, Science Advances, PNAS, and Blood. In addition, he currently holds three NIH R01 and one R21 awards.

Department of Neurology Srikant Rangaraju

Dr. Rangaraju has implemented innovative in vivo and in vitro approaches including flow cytometry, transcriptomics and proteomics to study microglia and CNS macrophages with the ultimate goal of identifying novel therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases and stroke, with potential for rapid translation to patients. He performs cutting edge science at the intersection of neurodegeneration and immunology. He is also an incredible mentor training the next generation of outstanding scientists. Dr. Rangaraju's work is helping us move towards a much more high-resolution understanding for how proteins are changing, in different brain cell types, during early and late stage Alzheimer’s.

Department of Pediatrics Christina (Kristy) Rostad

Dr. Rostad is a clinical and translational vaccinologist with a focus on pediatric respiratory viral pathogens. She is also an investigator in Emory’s NIH-funded Vaccine Treatment and Evaluation Unit (VTEU). The fundamental goal of Dr. Rostad's research is to develop vaccines to protect the health and wellbeing of children.

Department of Cell Biology Matthew Rowan

Dr. Rowan’s team is utilizing electrophysiological methods to understand the molecular basis of neuronal vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases.

Department of Pediatrics Stefan Sarafianos

Dr. Sarafianos' lab has generated molecular tools for studying SARS-CoV-2, antiviral drugs and drug resistance that will help during the current and future coronavirus outbreaks.

Department of Pediatrics Soumitri Sil

Dr. Sil's studies helped us to understand the unique pain experience of our patients with Sickle Cell Disease and, through the use of trials, have informed new and innovative evidenced-based practices for treatment. Dr. Sil's work with this historically underrepresented group has helped propel this population's unique concerns to the front of the conversation.

Department of Medicine Shobhna Singh

Dr. Singh won a departmental grant to develop and implement a quality improvement initiative to reduce wasteful blood draw practices in hospitalized patients. Her goal of ~10% reduction in routine blood draw tubes per patient per day will reduce costs, decrease patient harm, and improve patient satisfaction scores.

Department of Human Genetics Steven Sloan

To study human glia, Dr. Sloan’s lab uses a combination of primary neurosurgical samples as well as human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate brain cells in the lab. His lab aims to understand how human glia develop and what makes them unique and whether abnormal glial development contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders like autism and schizophrenia. By investigating the potential contribution of this previously overlooked group of cells in the nervous system, they may be able to decipher new mechanisms and therapeutic targets to advance human health.

Department of Radiation Oncology Jennifer Spangle

Dr. Spangle has made significant contributions to our understanding of PI3K-mediated regulation of the epigenome and how it contributes to cancer development and modulates treatment response.

Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Gulisa Turashvili

Dr. Turashvili’s research has focused on breast and gynecologic diseases. For the last five years, she has been studying triple-negative and special-type breast cancers and inflammatory breast conditions as well as precision diagnosis of uterine mesenchymal neoplasms, cervical and endometrial carcinomas, aiming to improve the practice of women’s health pathology.

Department of Anesthesiology Mercy Udoji

Dr. Udoji has performed retrospective analyses of regional anesthetic usage and healthcare disparities related to analgesic administration in the peri-operative setting for total knee replacements. Her current work, as part of a multi-site NIH-funded study, will involve the evaluation of a sequential comparative trial for osteoarthritic knee pain that utilizes non-opioid pharmacotherapy, psychological interventions, and novel injection techniques to non-surgically treat knee pain.

Department of Pediatrics Chia-shi Wang

Dr. Wang created a research team to better understand COVID vaccine hesitancy in children with kidney disease. Her research was recently published in the American Journal of Kidney Disease, one of the top journals in nephrology.

Department of Human Genetics David Weinshenker

Dr. Weinshenker's lab uses a combination of genetics, behavior, pharmacology, neurochemistry, optogenetics, and chemogenetics to understand the neurobiology underlying normal brain function as well as neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. The primary goal of his research program has been to understand how locus coeruleus (LC) co-transmission is regulated and how the signals from LC are integrated and interpreted by LC target cells. His innovative works over the years have linked LC dysfunction to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, drug addiction, sleep disorders, depression, and anxiety.

Department of Anesthesiology Anna Woodbury

Dr. Woodbury has worked to change the field of chronic pain. Her research has helped hundreds of patients improve their quality of life.

Department of Human Genetics Bing Yao

Dr. Yao uses cutting edge genomics approaches to explore the mechanisms of numerous neurological diseases. He studies Alzheimer's Disease as well as Ataxia Telangiectasia. His work provides insights into genetic changes that could precede the development of pathology. He is also a generous collaborator who shares his expertise with others at Emory.

Department of Pediatrics Brian C. Zanoni

Dr. Zanoni's research focuses on the continuum of care for adolescents living with perinatally-acquired HIV in South Africa and the United States. He is developing and piloting interventions addressing adolescent-friendly services and using social media to improve healthcare transition for adolescents living with HIV.

Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology Yueming Zhu

Dr. Zhu’s research on the Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) immune microenvironment integrates proteomic and immunological approaches with pathological methods to develop novel DCIS treatment regimens. Dr. Zhu's studies also investigate tumor-specific immune responses to target the TGFb-CD73 axis to develop a more specific and effective treatment for immune-cold triple-negative breast cancers.